with immigration policy and draws on the unique direct-democracy setting to bypass the problem of ‘hypothetical bias …

hospital; c) inexpensive in terms of data requirements, d) not subject to selection bias from patients nor hospital screening …

in three areas. First, we use identical twins, to control for family effects and genetic ability bias, and the education … findings suggest lower ability bias in within-twin pair regressions than pooled regressions. Third, using data on twins smoking … we show smoking reflects family background and using it as an instrument exacerbates ability bias. …

distribution of VAR impulse response estimators is undermined by the estimator’s bias. A natural conjecture is that impulse … estimators tend to have both higher bias and higher variance, resulting in pointwise impulse response confidence intervals that …

choices are private information. It is optimal for the organization to `bias' the second contest in favor of the early winner …