- as stressed by psychologists - in that they undermine intrinsic motivation. As a result, they may be only weak … motivation, while offers of help may create a dependence. More generally, we identify when the hidden costs of rewards are a myth …

the agent's motivation to perform well. Before the agent chooses his performance, the principal in our experiment decides …

effort. Self-confidence thus enhances motivation, and this gives a time--inconsistent individual a strong incentive to build …

The comovement between exports and productivity observed in many countries suggests a direct link between these two … attempts to examine this relationship, while recent trade theory suggests that the relationship between trade and productivity … suggest that exports, productivity and the terms of trade move together in the long run in all countries except the United …

would reflect higher productivity of more senior workers. If this were true, the observation of an effect of seniority on … wages would depend on the presence of controls for individual productivity. In this paper we replicate, using personnel data …' evaluations were used as productivity indicators. Since the validity of supervisors' evaluations as measures of productivity has …

aggregation problem introduces a bias into standard measures of firm productivity. We develop a theoretical model of heterogeneous …

, explains the initial rise in unemployment. The reduction in union power also helps to explain the acceleration in productivity … low wages and productivity. A fall in union power results in a reduction in these inefficiencies and leads not only to a … rise in productivity but also in wages. …