: doubling household consumption increases the bribery probability by 0.2-0.4 percentage points in Peru, compared to a bribery … rate of 0.8%; doubling household expenditure in Uganda increases the bribery probability by 1.2 percentage points compared … to a bribery rate of 17%. The income elasticity of the bribe amount cannot be precisely estimated in Peru, but is about 0 …

likely than non-victims to bribe public officials. Misfortune increases victims' demand for public services, raising bribery … are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of … the police, where the increase in bribery comes principally through increased use of the police. For the judiciary the …

This study is the first to provide a systematic measure of bribery using micro-level data on reported earnings …-reported compensation in the public sector. Using the conditions of labour market equilibrium, we develop an aggregate measure of bribery … and find that the lower bound estimate of the extent of bribery in Ukraine is between 460m and 580m U.S. dollars (0 …

Using detailed Peruvian data measuring bribery, I assess which types of public official are most corrupt and why. I … distinguish between the bribery rate and the size of bribes received, and seek to explain the variation in each across public … institutions. The characteristics of officials' clients explain most of the variation for bribery rates, but none for bribe amounts …

payoffs to the client's decision. We test this framework using a new data set on bribery of Peruvian public officials by … households. The theory predicts that bribery is more attractive to both parties when the client is richer, and we find … empirically that both bribery incidence and value are increasing in household income. However, 65% of the relation between bribery …