unrest or revolution, and this may force the elite to democratize. Democracy may not consolidate because it is more … redistributive than a nondemocratic regime, and this gives the elite an incentive to mount a coup. Because inequality makes democracy … more costly for the elite, highly unequal societies are less likely to consolidate democracy and may end up oscillating …

non-democracy to democracy, alters the distribution of de jure political power, but the elite can intensify their … the elite in democracy or for costs of changing economic institutions, the equilibrium takes the form of a Markov regime … difficult than altering economic institutions, the model leads to a pattern of captured democracy, whereby a democratic regime …

We develop an informational theory of dictatorship. Dictators survive not because of their use of force or ideology but …

also when controlling for possible endogeneity of liberalization in growth. (2) Democracy encourages liberalization … - countries which introduced greater democracy subsequently progress further in economic liberalization too. (3) Because of its … reinforcing effect on liberalization, democracy has a positive overall impact on growth. Nevertheless, the marginal effect of …

democracy disappears once including country fixed effects. This paper tests the hypothesis that the effect of income on … democracy might differ systematically across countries. A replication of the estimation in a less restrictive empirical … framework provides evidence for significant but heterogeneous effects of income on democracy for former colonies and non …