skilled workers chooses the technology. We obtain three results. First, under free trade and under a tariff the best … may not be used; in both cases per capita income and TFP are smaller than under free trade and a tariff. Third, average …

-war era, protectionism has not actually moved counter-cyclically. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers do not systematically rise …

converged to an almost uniform low level after WTO entry. We exploit sectoral variation in the extent of tariff reduction to …

The contrasting tariff regimes of Northern and Southern Ireland after 1932 must have influenced industrial structure …

available and an efficiency ranking is feasible: tariffs vs. non-tariff barriers (NTBs). In our policy choice model a government ….e. tighter tariff constraints are not fully offset by the higher NTBs they generate and (ii) the decision to commit to … constraints depends on the government's bargaining power relative to SIGs. Using detailed data, we confirm that tariff constraints …