effect on income. However, in Africa rugged terrain afforded protection to those being raided by slave traders. Since the … slave trade retarded subsequent economic development, in Africa ruggedness also has had a historical indirect positive … Africa the indirect positive effect dominates the direct negative effect. Looking within Africa, we provide evidence that the …

China’s economic reforms have resulted in spectacular growth and poverty reduction. However, China’s institutions look … ill-suited to achieve such a result, and they indeed suffer from serious shortcomings. To solve "China puzzle" this paper … analyses China’s institution - a regionally decentralized authoritarian system. The central government has control over …

Our paper is an attempt to define the contours of the right macroeconomic strategy for China. In a nutshell, we believe …

Despite increasingly large scale social protection programs in Africa, we have limited evidence on the local political …

in Africa over the period 1997-2011. Our units of observation are cells of 1 degree of latitude by 1 degree of longitude …

within sub-Saharan Africa. The existing evidence suggests that information technology has improved market efficiency and …