conflict and more intense fighting. …

outside enemy, ‘brothers in arms’ may already anticipate future internal conflict about dividing the spoils of winning …; however, this subsequent internal conflict does not discourage alliance members from expending much effort in the contest …

by which the allocation of prizes are governed by possibly repeated conflict. Our results contribute to an explanation … why. Compared to a single-stage conflict, such structures can reduce the overall resources that are dissipated among the …