policy. The setting is that of a small open economy in which incomes depend importantly on trade in dirty goods, where income … interacts with the pollution costs and income benefits of trade in dirty goods to further polarize interests concerning both … environmental stringency and the regulation of trade openness. In this context, we show how the eco-friendliness ranking of …

or common market, whereas international insecurity deters the formation of preferential and free trade agreements. …

of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is …We investigate the empirical impact of violence as compared to other trade impediments on trade flows. Our analysis is … larger than estimated tariff-equivalent costs of border and language barriers and tariff-equivalent reduction through GSPs …

We study the nature of individual demands for environmental regulation and for trade openness in the general … all. We show that when private mitigation is possible at a cost, trade polarizes the interests of rich and poor with … respect to the stringency of regulation. Moreover, even though trade has the potential to benefit everyone, the poor may …