) is the predominant pattern in observed trade policy. L&P (2007) propose that governments seek to reduce inequality … policies are significant determinants of current trade-distorting policy, suggesting the presence of policy persistence. We … conclude that it is difficult to generalise determinants of trade-distorting policy across a wide and long panel of countries …

former policy with a firm price ceiling – fixing the unit price of quota at $25,000. These policies represent a significant … production quota values; and second, to assess the welfare and distributional effects of each of the two quota policy schemes … there are several alternative policy options that could minimize efficiency losses while moderating the escalation in quota …

export restrictions were placed on domestic agricultural industries. Policy response to the two disease outbreaks include: i …) development of a zones policy that helped to reopen markets into the US; and ii) financial compensation to producers above the … minimum levels required under the Seeds Act and Regulations. Implementation of the zones policy had beneficial impacts on the …

been considered when the decision to impose the trade barrier was taken. In these circumstances, policy makers may wish to …