that it is much larger than what conventional trade data suggest. However, at the macro level, exposure remains relatively …

We investigate to what extent the probability that a Specific Trade Concern (STC) is raised in the WTO against a Member … such “trade policy substitution” only occurs when the country maintaining the measure at issue is economically developed …

This paper reviews the main developments of trade and related policies and measures in the Asia and Pacific region … during the 30 years since establishment, in 1989, of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The objectives of the TPRM …' trade policies. …

new World Bank-WTO Services Trade Policy Database (STPD) to analyse the services trade policies of 68 economies in 23 …

We use the dynamics of U.S. imports across goods in the period around the U.S.-China trade war with a model of exporter … dynamics to estimate the dynamic path of the probability of transiting between Normal Trade Relations and a trade war state. We … find (i) there was no increase in the likelihood of a trade war before 2018; (ii) the trade war was initially expected to …

We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during … economic effects on different outcomes. We then focus on the recent U.S.-China trade war. We discuss methods used to evaluate … its effects, describe its economic effects, and analyze if this increase in trade protectionism reverted the effects of …

1697 goods originating in 112 countries, to analyze the impact on Canadian imports of interwar Canadian trade policy …, including the 1932 Ottawa trade agreements. Rather than use a dummy variable approach, we compute the impact of individual … tariffs which varied substantially across goods, trade partners, and time. We develop a novel method of controlling for …

Trade policy is set by domestic political bargaining between globalists and protectionists, representing owners of …, protectionists implement high tariffs when status quo tariffs are low. When status quo tariffs are high, reciprocal free trade …- distribution. Consensus emerges for Retreat from free trade when imports are high and domestic transfers are low, suggesting that …

This note discusses capital controls using insights from the trade policy literature. It highlights some key issues … many goods and services are. As a result, much of the analysis pertaining to trade and trade policy in goods and services … applies with equal force to capital movements. Free trade is typically the best trade policy, no matter whether it is trade in …