have, on average, positive causal treatment effects on financial knowledge and downstream financial behaviors. Treatment …

own retirement security, this lack of knowledge has serious implications …

whether individuals have the financial knowledge and skills to navigate this new financial environment. To better understand … Survey. We have designed questions to measure numeracy and basic knowledge related to the working of inflation and interest … rates, as well as questions to measure more advanced financial knowledge related to financial market instruments (stocks …

for retirement. Many respondents display limited knowledge and understanding of public and company-provided retirement … remainder of their lifetimes, many do not possess enough basic financial knowledge to confidently make optimal choices …

In sum, numeracy does not influence wealth in whole or in part by affecting financial knowledge of one's pension plan …, where financial knowledge of the pension then influences other decisions about retirement saving … suggest that causality is more likely to run from pension wealth to pension knowledge, rather than the other way around …