focusses on the long memory parameter d that allows us to obtain different convergence classifications depending on its value … that we find long memory mean reverting convergence, something that is also consistent with Pesaran et al (2009). In … explaining the speed of convergence as captured by the estimated long memory parameter d we find impediments to trade such as …

). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants …

The pollution-convergence hypothesis is formalized in a neoclassical growth model with optimal emissions reduction …. A Markov modeling approach predicts further cross-country absolute convergence, in particular for SOX. The latter … results hold in the presence of spatial non-convergence in per capita income levels within both regions. …