This paper studies the impact of a WTO withdrawal of trade concessions against countries that fail to respect globally … recognized environmental standards. We show that a punishing tariff can be effective when environmental and trade policies are … endogenous. When required standards lie within a reasonable range, compliance along with free trade as a reward is the unique …

. The impact of PI on innovation is determined by the degree of heterogeneity between firms and trade costs. Increasing … trade costs shifts from the market share losses brought by PI from the more to the less productive firm. This induces the …

countries. In each country; the incumbent autocrat will cater to the preferences of the elites when setting trade policy and the … manufacturing sector. This; in turn; can lead to a shift in the comparative advantage; a decision to open up to trade and an in …

systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular type of geography … economic performance. It suggests that the unequal distribution of land endowments conferred di¤erential gains from trade …, capital accumulation remained low and wealth inequality bounded. Geography and trade shaped the set of economically relevant …