Most sports are interesting because the outcome of a game cannot be predicted perfectly in advance. Indeed, sometimes sports organizations try to maximize the uncertainty associated with the outcomes of the games by restricting the behaviour of teams and players so as to maximize public...

This paper reports about a randomized field experiment in which first year economics and business students at the University of Amsterdam could earn financial rewards for passing the first year requirements within one year. Participants were assigned to a high, low and zero (control) reward...