The aim of this paper is to give a formal definition and consistent estimates of the extremes of a population. This definition relies on a threshold value that delimits the extremes and on the uniform convergence of the distribution of these extremes to a Pareto type distribution. The tail...

The aim of this paper is to identify permanent and transitory shocks. This identification is done according to the size of the shocks or the size of some other important economic variable. In order to be able to carry this identification scheme on, we introduce a new class of threshold models:...