The Euro Plus Pact was approved by 23 EU countries in March 2011 and came into force shortly afterwards. The Pact stipulates a range of quantitative targets meant to strengthen cost competitiveness with the aim of preventing the accumulation of external financial imbalances. This paper uses...

This book is a collection of the proceedings of the ECB Legal Conference "From Monetary Union to Banking Union, on the way to Capital Markets Union: new opportunities for European integration", hosted by the European Central Bank on 1 and 2 September 2015. One of the main objectives of this...

We use household surveys to describe differences in wages, income, wealth and liquid assets of households born in their country of residence ("natives") vs. those born in other EU and non- EU countries ("immigrants"). The differences in wealth are more substantial than the differences in wages...

This paper provides new survey evidence on firms' inflation expectations in the euro area. Building on the ECB's Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (SAFE), we introduce consistent measurement of inflation expectations across countries and shed new light on the properties and causal...

During the crisis, support for the EU has declined noticeably in many European Union member states. While previous research on European public opinion has mainly focused on the impact of domestic country- and individual-level factors on public attitudes towards the EU, this paper argues that...

This paper explores the impact of the regulatory leverage ratio (LR) on banks' demand for reserves and thus the pricing of overnight liquidity in the euro area money markets. We use daily transaction-level money market data during the period between January 2017 February 2023 and examine the two...

We construct a measure of a bank's relative creditworthiness from Eurosystem's proprietary overnight loan data: the bank's "average overnight borrowing rate spread, relative to overnight rate index" (AOR). We investigate the dynamic relationship between the AOR and the credit default swap spread...