This paper follows the Bayesian time-varying VAR approach with stochastic volatility developed by Primiceri (2005), to analyze whether the reaction of output and prices to interest rate and exchange rate shocks has changed across time (1996-2012) in the Polish economy. The empirical findings...

This paper introduces the ratio of debt to cash ow (D/CF) of nations and their economic sectors to macroprudential analysis, particularly as an indicator of systemic risk and vulnerabilities. While leverage is oftentimes linked to the vulnerability of a nation, the stock of total debt and the ow...

Europe's financial structure has become strongly bank-based - far more so than in other economies. We document that an increase in the size of the banking system relative to equity and private bond markets is associated with more systemic risk and lower economic growth, particularly during...