We document two independent analyses that were conducted to support the inclusion of cold-start emissions in the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure. First, we present the results of a scoping review on cold-start frequencies and trip distances in Europe. Second, we present a scenario...

Light-duty diesel vehicles emit on the road substantially more nitrogen oxides than permitted by regulatory emissions standards. The European Commission addresses this problem by developing a complementary emissions test procedure for the type approval and in-service conformity testing of...

Light-duty diesel vehicles emit on the road substantially more nitrogen oxides than permitted by regulatory emissions standards. The European Commission addresses this problem by developing a complementary emissions test procedure for the type approval and in-service conformity testing of...