Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

This study is part of the 'Environmental Footprint and Material Efficiency Support for Product Policy' project funded by the Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment) from 2012 until 2016. Material efficiency criteria for products have become increasingly relevant for European Union...

This study is part of the 'Environmental Footprint and Material Efficiency Support for product policy' project funded by DG Environment (AA 070307/2012/ENV.C1/635340). In June 2013, the preparatory study of enterprise servers was launched with the objective of identifying ways to improve their...

The EC Raw Materials System Analysis (MSA) was carried out in 2015 for 28 materials. The MSA study investigates the flows of materials through the EU economy in terms of entry into the EU, flows through the economy, stock accumulation, and end-of-life management, e.g., through disposal or...

This JRC Technical Report provides an introduction to the JRC system dynamics based Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model (PTTMAM). This comprehensive system dynamics model, covering the period 1995 to 2050, was designed to capture the key feedbacks and interactions between...

The research presented in this Technical Report investigates how large language models (LLMs), through their extensive training and transcend linguistic capabilities, emerge as reservoirs of a vast array of human experiences, behaviours, and emotions. Building upon prior work of the JRC on...