This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication 'EU action plan for the Circular Economy'. It represents a JRC...

Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

This report evaluates the substitution options of nine critical raw materials (CRM) (Eu, Tb, Y, In, Ga, Ge, Nd, Pr and Dy) required in lighting, wind turbines and electric vehicles applications. Substitution has been considered from many perspectives from reducing the use of CRM via improved...

The life cycle impacts of photovoltaic (PV) plants have been extensively explored in several studies in the scientific literature. However, the end-of-life phase has been generally excluded or neglected from these analyses, mainly because of the low amount of panels that have so far reached...

The ambitious EU policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in combination with a significant adoption of low-carbon energy and transport technologies will lead to strong growth in the demand for certain raw materials. This report addresses the EU resilience in view of supply of the key materials...

The ambitious EU policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in combination with a significant adoption of low-carbon energy and transport technologies will lead to strong growth in the demand for certain raw materials. This report addresses the EU resilience in view of supply of the key materials...

This report analyses China's approach to attaining a dominant position in international markets through a combination of industrial, research & innovation (R&I), trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) policies. It also offers an assessment of China's current position compared to the EU and US...

This study is part of the 'Environmental Footprint and Material Efficiency Support for Product Policy' project funded by the Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment) from 2012 until 2016. Material efficiency criteria for products have become increasingly relevant for European Union...