For the purposes of this study, Personal Data Clouds ("PDCs") are defined as technological solutions aiming to provide to end-users the typical data collection and storage capabilities of data management systems but also, to help end-users regain control over their data. Accordingly, PDCs are...

ENISA conducts a preliminary analysis of the IoT-related landscape of standards, which indicates that there is no significant gap in standards to bring secure IoT to the market. This does not mean that the security of= the IoT ecosystem as a whole has been addressed by means of standards....

While online users increasingly rely on the use of mobile applications (apps) for their everyday activities and needs, the processing of personal data through such tools poses significant risks to users' security and privacy. Such risks stem mainly from the variety of data and sensors held in...

The use of a mobile to effect payment for goods and services represents a paradigm shift towards digital only payments and has been driven by consumers who wish to make purchases at retail stores or to transfer funds using their mobile "digital wallet". For most consumers the ability to pay by...

The year 2015 has been another very successful year for the Agency. It has been a year in which we have strengthened our relations with our stakeholders and assisted them in making significant improvements to the state of cybersecurity thourghout the EU. In parallel, we continue to make internal...

For the fifth consecutive year, last October the European Cyber Security Month (ECSM) campaign was successfully executed across Europe. The campaign was coordinated and supported by ENISA, the European Commission, Europol's Cyber Crime Centre (EC3), European Banking Federation, the Estonian...

The concept of Cybersecurity Culture (CSC) refers to the knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, assumptions, norms and values of people regarding cybersecurity and how they manifest themselves in people's behaviour with information technologies. CSC encompasses familiar topics including...

Quite often implementing European legislative initiatives relies on the availability of trustworthy information technology which means that the technology options used must be duly scrutinised and standardised prior to being put in good use. Over the last years, ENISA has engaged in a number of...