The empirical literature indicates that, in Phases I and II, the impact of the EU ETS on low-carbon innovation was moderate. The findings of one prominent study, which measures innovation output by patent counts, present a more clearly positive picture. - The empirical literature indicates that,...

The current EU climate end energy package includes several policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2020. The main instrument is the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS). The complexity of this policy package flags up synergies and interactions among different climate policy...

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are decentralised small-scale power generation sources located near end-user consumers that supply part or all of their electricity demand. DER are increasingly seen as key to the development of a sustainable low-carbon power system. - DER technologies offer...

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are decentralised small-scale power generation sources located near end-user consumers that supply part or all of their electricity demand. DER are increasingly seen as key to the development of a sustainable low-carbon power system. - DER technologies offer...