This paper examines several approaches to introduce advertising in systems of demand equations. Advertising is included … in the Rotterdam model using an unrestricted specification and three restricted specifications - advertising affects …

advertising for orange juice indicated that the free rider problem has notably limited the impact of advertising on price in the U ….S. market. High U.S. orange juice demand, which in part has been a result of advertising, has attracted substantial amounts of … orange juice imports. Imports have eroded the impact of advertising on price by an estimated two-thirds. …

. Results suggest confusion may exist, with grapefruit-juice advertising not only increasing the demand for grapefruit juice but …