cases policy should favour R&D by incumbents, not outsiders, and that stronger patent protection may reduce innovation and …

requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property …

This research sheds light on the role of multinational production on the type of innovation performed by firms. We … construct matched firm-patent data to measure the scope of innovation, that is the extent to which the output of R&D can be … geographically separate production from innovation focus on more specialized types of R&D. …