We explore the adoption data approach to estimating causal effects of parental education and income on the same … mother’s or father’s education raises children’s education by about 0.1 year. Our estimated income elasticities are around 0.1. …

, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to … intergenerational transmissions, and that pre-birth factors are more important for mother’s education and less important for father …