oligopolistic export sector and a competitive import-competing sector. When there is a minimum wage, an outsourcing tax might be … desirable and the usual profit-shifting objectives of an export subsidy are mitigated, perhaps completely, because it might lead … outsourcing. Further, if export subsidies are not possible due to WTO regulations, it is optimal to subsidize rather than to tax …

such as RoHS and REACH on the production costs and export performance of firms in Malaysia and Vietnam. We find that in … also find that compliance with RoHS and REACH significantly increases the probability of export. Furthermore, we find that … enterprises and firms participating in global value chains generally exhibit better export performance and their costs rise less …