of trade to estimate a panel cointegrating relationship between real exchange rates and a set of fundamentals for a …-based real exchange rate and commodity terms of trade. The estimated impact of productivity growth differentials between traded …

? Data from South Asia suggest that member states have minor trade linkages and face asymmetrical patterns of shocks. This …

, the external terms of trade, and productivity in the manufacturing sector. A once-and-for-all unit increase in the ratio …

The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade flows was examined by a 1984 IMF study on G-7 countries. Over the past … exchange hedging instruments, may have reduced the impact of volatility on trade flows. Using recent advances in the economic …-border capital flows, may have exacerbated exchange rate volatility, while others, such as a deepening of the market in foreign …

presents several conventional techniques for assessing competitiveness, namely the real exchange rate and recent trade … many post-conflict situations. The real exchange measure and trade measures suggest some mild erosion of competitiveness in …

This paper investigates empirically the relevance of external, domestic, and financial weaknesses as well as trade and …

This paper examines the effects of trade costs on macroeconomic volatility. We first construct a dynamic, two … variability of the trade balance should increase. Trade costs have ambiguous effects on the volatility of other macro variables …-country general equilibrium model, where the degree of market integration depends directly on trade costs (transport costs, tariffs …