An empirical study that shows that countries’ reserve holdings are sensitive to the rates at which they can borrow on international financial markets, this analysis confirms the view that holding major currencies as reserve assets has costs that are frequently unrecognized. Between 1978-82 for...

How should possible policy reforms and projects be assessed when prices give misleading signals? Revenues and costs at market prices then give distorted measures of social gains and losses and our appraisal should use social opportunity costs, or correctly defined, shadow prices. We show how...

This paper analyses the economic costs of current agricultural policies in Turkmenistan. It argues that the opportunity cost of continuing with these policies is very high for the budget, the average farmer, and the economy as a whole. The paper calls for the development of nontraditional...

This paper discusses several IMF's selected decisions of the Executive Board and related documents annex to fourteenth issue. Pursuant to Section III, paragraph 2 of the Instrument to Establish the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility Trust, the IMF in its capacity as Trustee of that Trust,...

This paper presents Selected Decisions and Selected Documents' Fourth Issue of the IMF. In order to ensure the uniform application of the relevant Articles of Agreement as they apply to determinations of member's net official holdings of gold and US dollars for the purposes of Article III,...

This paper presents Selected Decisions and Selected Documents' Tenth Issue of the IMF. This volume, the Tenth Issue of Selected Decisions of the IMF and Selected Documents, contains the decisions, interpretations, and resolutions of the Executive Board and the Board of Governors of the IMF to...