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Policy Reform, Shadow Prices, and Market Prices

International Monetary Fund - 1988

How should possible policy reforms and projects be assessed when prices give misleading signals? Revenues and costs at market prices then give distorted measures of social gains and losses and our appraisal should use social opportunity costs, or correctly defined, shadow prices. We show how...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396134

Market-Oriented Reform of Foreign Trade in Planned Economies

International Monetary Fund - 1990

This paper reviews the main features of market-oriented foreign trade reforms in planned economies. It considers reform initiatives aimed at expanding enterprise autonomy and breaking up the state monopoly of foreign trade, modifying the exchange rate system, and reforming the domestic price...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396296

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) : Energy Price Reforms in the GCC-What Can Be Learned From International Experiences?

International Monetary Fund - 2015

Energy prices in the GCC countries are low by international standards. These low prices have co-existed with rapid economic development in the region over the past 50 years, but the costs of this policy have also risen in terms of very high energy usage per capita. Providing energy at low prices...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014408532

Germany : Staff Report for the 2012 Article IV Consultation

International Monetary Fund - 2012

considerable headwinds. Several conditions are now in place in Germany for a domestic demand-led recovery. Employment creation has … been robust and unemployment at 5.3 percent is at a postreunification low. Executive Directors have commended Germany … environment. Directors have underscored Germany’s pivotal role in reducing euro area and global imbalances …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014395532

Economic Structure, the Exchange Rate and Adjustment in the Federal Republic of Germany : A General Equilibrium Approach

International Monetary Fund - 1988

This paper traces the effects of an appreciation of the deutsche mark with the help of a computable general equilibrium model under alternative structural policy scenarios. In the first scenario, characterized by severe structural rigidities, the contractionary effects of exchange rate...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014395794

External Imbalances and Fiscal Policy in the Group of Three Countries : The Role of Stock-Flow Dynamics

International Monetary Fund - 1989

This paper discusses recent empirical research on the interplay between fiscal policies and external imbalances in the G3 countries, focusing on the stock-flow dynamics of public and foreign deficits and debt accumulation

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014395805

Tax Policy Options for a United Germany

International Monetary Fund - 1990

the GDR and the current tax structure of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Arguments for an adequate short-term tax …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014395890

Net Foreign Assets and International Adjustment in the United States, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany

International Monetary Fund - 1989

This paper examines external adjustment in the U.S., Japan and Germany from the perspective of net foreign asset …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396281

On the International Use of Currencies : The Case of the Deutsche Mark

International Monetary Fund - 1990

This paper assesses the role of the deutsche mark as a key international currency. It first investigates the theoretical basis underlying the international use of a currency. Theoretical considerations indicate that several factors relating to the issuing country—including inflation...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396438

The Instruments and Operating Procedures for Conducting Monetary Policy in the Group of Five Countries

International Monetary Fund - 1989

, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States for implementing monetary policy in the short run. The analysis …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396489