This report explores the opportunities and challenges for developing economies arising from digital trade and discusses the role of international cooperation in tackling these opportunities and challenges. The report considers policy actions in the areas of digital infrastructure, skills,...

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012-Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting) presents initial efforts to define a measurement framework for integrating biophysical data, tracking changes in ecosystems and linking those changes to economic and...

There is growing recognition that our economies are embedded within and dependent on nature and that nature itself, as our natural capital, should be recognized as an asset to the economy. Further, as the economic and social impacts of the climate and biodiversity crises become more evident,...

(IEO), which provides an early evaluation of the Fund's emergency response to the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and seeks to draw lessons from the experience for responding to possible future global crises. They highlighted the report's key finding that the Fund's response was effective...

As the evaluation notes, the Fund's rapid response was not without costs and risks. The decision to provide extraordinary access, including through emergency financing, in the face of this unprecedented crisis has inevitably raised pressures on the Fund's own, and its members', balance sheets....

The paper provides brief updates for each CCRT-eligible country on its policy responses to the pandemic and on staff's assessments of these policies, the use of resources freed up by debt service relief, and the implementation of governance safeguards commitments. The paper also provides an...

Just as uncertainty associated with COVID-19 pandemic was abating, Russia invaded Ukraine. Uncertainty endured, shifting from pandemic to war, affecting all countries but in different ways. Above-target inflation rates and inflation surprises have helped reducing debt-to-GDP ratios but such...

This note provides a set of high-level recommendations that can guide national regulatory and supervisory responses to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and offers an overview of measures taken across jurisdictions to date. The banking sector plays a critical role in mitigating the...

This technical note describes the stress testing exercises carried out for the Danish commercial banking system and the insurance sector. The tests were conducted as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program for Denmark and were developed in collaboration with the Danish Financial...

This paper, prepared by a working group of IMF staff, provides a preliminary assessment of the risks and potential impact to the global economy and financial system from a possible avian flu pandemic, discusses the IMF’s role in helping member countries prepare their economic and financial...