The paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical developments in the analysis of informal currency markets in developing countries. The basic characteristics of these markets are highlighted, and alternative analytical models to explain them are discussed. The implications for exchange rate...

There is growing recognition that our economies are embedded within and dependent on nature and that nature itself, as our natural capital, should be recognized as an asset to the economy. Further, as the economic and social impacts of the climate and biodiversity crises become more evident,...

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012-Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting) presents initial efforts to define a measurement framework for integrating biophysical data, tracking changes in ecosystems and linking those changes to economic and...

The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of theoretical and analytical topics, including balance of payments, monetary and fiscal issues, global liquidity, and...

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country