The 2012 Article IV Consultation with France discusses the financial and economic conditions of the country. Although … France weathered the 2008 financial and subsequent euro area crises relatively well compared with other advanced countries …, its recovery has been sluggish. France has become a less open economy and reported a steady loss of export market share …

-run (noncyclical) unemployment rate in Germany by 1.4 percentage points. We also find that the welfare of employed households increases … German unemployment insurance system and resulted in a significant reduction in unemployment benefits for the long …-term unemployed. In this paper, we use an incomplete-market model with search unemployment to evaluate the macro-economic and welfare …

. But Germany has almost equally consistently run current account surpluses. Exports have powered the dynamic phases and … delivery of services, will be good for Germany and for the global economy. Absent such an effort, German growth will remain … constrained, and Germany will play only a modest role in spurring growth elsewhere. …

core. This paper puts recent demand patterns in France, Germany, and Belgium into historical perspective. We find that …

We study the role of uncertainty shocks in explaining unemployment dynamics, separating out the role of aggregate and … measure aggregate and sectoral uncertainty and compare their effects on the unemployment rate in a standard macroeconomic … vector autoregressive (VAR) model. We find that aggregate uncertainty leads to an immediate increase in unemployment, with …

significantly reduce poverty and unemployment. Growth averaged 3 percent over the last decade. It has been volatile because of the …