Tropical deforestation accounts for almost one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and threatens the world … incentives of local bureaucrats and politicians who enforce forest policy may be critical to understanding tropical deforestation … associated with increased deforestation and with lower prices in local wood markets, consistent with a model of Cournot …

The world has pledged to protect 30 percent of its land and waters by 2030 to halt the rapid deterioration of critical … ecosystems. We summarize the state of knowledge about the impacts of protected area policies, with a focus on deforestation and … summarize empirical evidence across multiple regions of the world. In most cases, protection has had at most a modest impact on …