previous child, and the family’s gender composition. Birth spacing is driven by contraceptive use and other factors. We find …Abstract: Analyzing the effect of family planning on child survival remains an important issue but is not … straightforward because of several mechanisms linking family planning, birth intervals, total fertility, and child survival. This …

Abstract: We jointly analyze infant mortality, birth spacing, and total fertility of children in a rural area in … that if families would behave as if their all children were sons, fertility levels would be reduced by 3.5% and 5.7% in the …