capital to labour with no efficiency effects, but is probably more likely to lead to lower investment rates and economic … senescence. Therefore the impact of unions on productivity, financial performance and investment is extremely important. This … unionisation reduces investment by around one fifth compared with the investment rate in a non-union workplace. In both Canada and …

, major weaknesses with respect to long-run investment in human capital, infrastructure and innovation remain. These are … hampered by problems of short-termism and policy risk. We propose a series of radical reforms to address these problems: such …

positive program treatment effect on employment, investment and net entry but not on TFP. OLS underestimates program effects …,300 suggesting that in some respects investment subsidies can be cost effective. …