employment, investment and productivity, and a moderate loss in GDP. This temporary impact of a second moment shock is different …

investment. Uncertainty increases real option values making firms more cautious when investing or disinvesting. This is confirmed … both numerically for a model with a rich mix of adjustment costs, time-varying uncertainty, and aggregation over investment … investment response to demand shocks. This implies the responsiveness of firms to any given policy stimulus may be much lower in …

long-run growth by increasing the profit from innovation. In the short run, factors of production must be reallocated … inside firms, which lowers the opportunity cost of innovation, generating an additional “trapped factor” effect. Starting …

incentives and (b) innovation effects of the proposed remedy. We discuss the economic basis for the Commission’s claims that … and argue that the effects on innovation are not unambiguously negative as Microsoft claim. We conclude with some general … implications of the case for anti-trust enforcement in high innovation sectors. …

innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g. electric and hybrid) patents across 80 … tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation both from aggregate spillovers … and from the firm's own innovation history. Using our model we simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow …