were ineligible for the awards, also showed sizeable average test gains, as did girls with low pretest scores, who were …

to teaching to the test.' We find evidence that existing teacher incentives in Kenya are indeed weak, with teachers … Kenya with incentives based on students' test scores. Students in program schools had higher test scores, significantly so … teachers increased effort to raise short-run test scores by conducting more test preparation sessions. While students in …

short run and on academic test scores, employment, and income in the long run, while suggesting that most parents will not …