of geography on policy choices and institutions. We find that location and climate have large effects on income levels …This paper addresses the complex relationship between geography and macroeconomic growth. We investigate the ways in … which geography may matter directly for growth, controlling for economic policies and institutions, as well as the effects …

We suggest that the geographical patterns of income differences across the world have deep underpinnings. We emphasize … that geography's effects on development occurred exclusively through its effects on this historical institutional … characteristics of economies. Per capita incomes differ around the world in no small part because of sharp differences across regions …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects …

There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes …

into macroeconomic climate-economy models. This paper proposes a joint empirical-structural approach to bridge this gap for … a stochastic growth model for 40 vulnerable countries and project welfare effects of climate-driven cyclone risk changes …