schooling disparities may further disadvantage poor children by hampering the development of a core mental capacity …

We leverage pronounced changes in the availability of public schooling for young children--through duration expansions …, combined with a comparison of children of typical kindergarten age to older children, we measure effects on parental labor … expansions were responsible for as much as 24 percent of the growth in employment of mothers with kindergarten-aged children in …

Since 1991, Chile has provided large, renewable cash grants to indigenous children in lower-income households …, conditional on school enrollment. We estimate intent-to-treat effects of grant exposure on indigenous adults and their children …' exposure increased their children's early-grade test scores and reduced second-generation grant receipt …

children, but the effects on long-term health are overall negligible. However, we demonstrate that the schooling reform had …

investments in children, starting from encouraging pre-natal and maternal care and early childhood health interventions and … children age 7-15 who are not enrolled in school. Wage labor for 13-15 year olds was reduced by at least one-third. We also …

extended the duration of mandatory schooling from 5 to 8 years, to address the endogeneity of maternal education to children …

In 2007, approximately one in five children in Zambia lived with an HIV positive adult. We identify the effect of adult … antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability at scale on children's educational outcomes by combining data on the expansion of ART … the availability of ART increased the likelihood that children in households with HIV positive household heads started …

About 11% of the Chinese population are rural-urban migrants with a rural hukou that severely restricts their children …'s access to urban schools. As a result, 69 million children are left behind in rural areas. We use two regression … are more likely to separate from children to take advantage of new opportunities in cities. Those workers earn much more …