physicians' earnings and estimate the influence of healthcare policies on these earnings, physicians' labor supply, and … allocation of talent. Combining the administrative registry of U.S.~physicians with tax data, Medicare billing records, and … survey responses, we find that physicians' annual earnings average $350,000 and comprise 8.6% of national healthcare spending …

out-of-network referrals from primary care physicians (PCPs) to specialists. We estimate a difference-in-differences model …, exploiting changes in EHR developer adoption by physicians' affiliated hospitals. After a change in the PCP's EHR developer …

We study the role of physicians in driving geographic variation of US healthcare utilization. We estimate a model that … separates variation in average utilization of Medicare beneficiaries due to physicians, non-physician supply side factors, and … patient demand. The model is identified by migration of patients and physicians across areas, as well as by variation in …

the productivity difference between physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs), two health care professions performing … and quasi-experimental variation in the patient probability of being treated by physicians versus NPs in the emergency … department, we find that, compared to physicians, NPs significantly increase resource utilization but achieve worse patient …