We develop a dynamic competitive equilibrium model of battery adoption and operations to evaluate the social value and … adoption trajectory of utility-scale batteries and examine policy counterfactuals. The first battery unit breaks even in 2027 … declines in aggregate capacity. California's 1,300 MW battery mandate implies subsidies of 49% and creates deadweight losses of …

battery recycling to Mexico and on infant health in Mexico. In the U.S., airborne lead dropped sharply near affected plants …, most of which were battery-recycling plants. Exports of used batteries to Mexico rose markedly. In Mexico, production … increased at battery-recycling plants, relative to comparable industries, and birth outcomes deteriorated within two miles of …

Electric vehicle (EV) battery costs have declined by more than 90% over the past decade. This study investigates the … EV subsidies and local content requirements. Leveraging rich data on EV models and battery suppliers, we develop and … behaviors of EV producers and battery suppliers. The model allows us to recover battery costs for each EV model and quantify the …