-degenerate higher-order beliefs) can lead to conflict and drive its dynamics. We develop our analysis in the context of three classic … learning about the opponent's type, as well as the possibility of conflict spirals, traps, and cycles; and a deterrence model …. We relate these models to the empirical literature and to current and historical episodes of conflict …

consistent effects. These results highlight the intergenerational consequences of war conflict, emphasizing the need for …This study examines the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to war violence on cognitive and developmental outcomes …, focusing on children in Afghanistan, a country deeply affected by prolonged violent conflict. Using data from the 2022 …

We present a conceptual framework linking cultural heterogeneity to inter-group conflict. When conflict is about … control of public goods, more heterogeneous groups are expected to fight more with each other. In contrast, when conflict is … about rival goods, more similar groups are more likely to engage in war with each other. We formalize these ideas within an …

Existing theories of pre-emptive war typically predict that the leading country may choose to launch a war on a … was Japan who launched a war against the West in 1941, not the West that pre-emptively attacked Japan. Similarly, many … have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …