commodities to investment in children. For some, these changes meant that marriage was no longer worth the costs of limited … different functions among different groups. The poor and less educated are much more likely to rear children in cohabitating … relationships. The college educated typically cohabit before marriage, but they marry before conceiving children and their marriages …

low female labor force participation. We model three channels of religious effects on demand for children: through …, controlling for secular trends. They are large: 300 to 400 children per nun. Reduced religiosity (measured by church attendance …

to parents' underlying characteristics that might have also affected their children's human capital. Although winners had … slightly more children than non-winners, they did not send them to school more. Sons of winners have no better adult outcomes …