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Transition and emerging economies have difficulties developing their financial markets to a level that would provide access to long-term debt finance at an affordable cost. This report examines opportunities beyond the public sector for financing water and other environmental infrastructure....
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012448643
This report draws on three detailed case studies from Armenia, the Russian Federation and Turkey and on the experience of OECD countries to provide guidance on how transfers from central budgets to local authorities could be designed to finance environmental infrastructures in transition...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012440981
Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe, raising manifold …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013278701
Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe. These policy measures, as …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013278767
This report assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s war against the people of Ukraine on global financial markets … reviews a range of interrelated channels which could transmit shocks from Russia’s war to global financial markets, from …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013278773
Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has been since February 2022 undermining the latter’s capacity to harvest and … export crops. A reduction in export capacity from Ukraine and Russia, and rising energy and fertiliser prices are pushing up … Ukraine’s capacity to export together with a 50% reduction in Russian wheat export could lead to a 34% increase in …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013376919
This paper provides an overview of how the Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine illustrates immediate threats … Russian armed aggression of Ukraine, including actors, tools and narratives used to justify the invasion and maintain support …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013523767
Russia’s war against Ukraine and the international sanctions introduced against the former have had an unexpectedly … inflation, the five Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – have so far shown … services and hospitality. However, as the medium-term effects of the sanctions against Russia, the global cost-of-living crisis …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013528019