emerging and developing economies. Blended finance is an important tool that can help mobilise commercial investment towards … investment, minimises concessionality, has a clear exit strategy, and is co-ordinated within a wider ecosystem of support and …

(including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and ….02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms … implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure …

. Other types of support identified include support for R&D and investment incentives, which benefitted all firms studied in …