Electronic health records are increasingly used for epidemiological and health service research. However, missing data are often an issue when dealing with electronic records. Up to now, various approaches have been used to overcome these issues, including complete case analysis, last...

Multiple imputation is increasingly regarded as the standard method to account for partially observed data, but most methods have been based on cross-sectional imputation algorithms. Recently, a new multiple-imputation method, the two fold fully conditional specification (FCS) method, was...

Most standard missing-data techniques have been designed for cross-sectional data. A "forward-backward" multiple-imputation algorithm has been developed to impute missing values in longitudinal data (Nevalainen, Kenward, and Virtanen, 2009, Statistics in Medicine 28: 36577-3669) This technique...