This paper presents a survey of the large empirical literature in economics that has sought to examine the relationship between educational expenditures and outcomes in both developed and developing countries. The main feature of this literature is the remarkable lack of consensus about the...

This paper develops a super game model of collusion between price-setting oligopolists located in different markets separated by trade costs. The firms produce a homogenous good and sustain collusion based on territorial allocation of markets. We first show, in a more general framework than some...

The Task Force recommends that price regulation should be on the basis of ‘Essentiality’ of the drug and it should be applied only to formulations and not to upstream products, such as bulk drugs. No effort should be made to impose a uniform price, and only a ceiling price should be...

In 2002 the government had formulated a new Drug Policy, but the same could not be implemented due to litigation involving it. As a consequence, the policy of 1994 continues to be in force.The present Policy known as the National Pharmaceuticals Policy, 2005 has been necessitated due to several...

We exploit French customs’ firm-level data to study how exporters pass a change in the VAT rate of one importing country through their prices. Looking at this reaction is of interest beyond a mere fiscal incidence analysis: VAT shocks provide instruments to identifying the extent of mark-up...

This paper aims at understanding what the consequences are of cultural diversity on co-operative relationships. Co-operation is considered through two different modes: the first one, called community based co-operation, is based on the need for belonging and the second mode, called complementary...