The paper finds that trade is insignificant in explaining income inequality. The results also suggest institutions are …

-renewable energy consumption, and international trade for a sample of 69 countries during the period 1980-2007. In the short …-run, Granger causality tests show that there is a bidirectional causality between output and trade (exports or imports), a … bidirectional causality between non-renewable energy and trade, and a one way causality running from renewable energy to trade. In …

consumption, the number of tourist arrivals and trade in Central and South America spanning the period 1995-2010. We apply panel … emissions and from renewable energy consumption to trade. In addition, there is a unidirectional short-run causal link without … feedback effects from economic growth to trade and the number of tourist arrivals as well as a unidirectional causality running …

This study uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of energy consumption, and trade on economic … affect output while trade is statistically significant and have a negative impact on output through imports and positive … impact through exports. The policy implication of these results is that, in these countries, trade openness is not …