This paper develops economic definitions of energy quality for individual fuels and energy aggregates. There are both … use- and exchange-value concepts as well as marginal and total measures of energy quality. A factor augmentation or … substitutability only the quality coefficients approach is defined. I also find that the ratio of an energy volume index to aggregate …

As is the case with capital-energy substitution, interfuel substitutability has been of longstanding interest to the … energy economics and policy community. However, no quantitative meta-analysis has yet been carried out of this literature … for the shadow elasticity of substitution between coal, oil, gas, and electricity for forty-five primary studies show that …

The Hicks or direct elasticity of substitution is traditionally derived from the production function. This paper …