The certification program aimed to certify all teachers by 2015. The program was rolled out at a rate of approximately 200,000 teachers each year. This report evaluates the certification program as it was implemented, in terms of its impact on student-learning outcomes. Results of the analysis...

Teachers are the single most important input to learning, and in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa teachers' emoluments account for most of the spending on basic education (Bold et al., 2017). However, in many countries in the region teachers are poorly distributed between schools. Schools in...

This training manual is intended to be used as a resource to guide a new Teach Secondary Trainer as they conduct the 5-day Teach Secondary observer training. Trainers are responsible for explaining the purpose of the tool, and ensuring all observers are equipped with the knowledge and skills to...

"Expanding and improving basic education in developing countries requires, at a minimum, teachers who are present in the classroom and motivated to teach, but this essential input is often missing. This paper describes the findings of a series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher...

Achieving universal primary education and "Education for All" (EFA) is one of the development priorities within the context of the millennium development goals. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, one of the key challenges is to provide good-quality basic education to the 10-20 percent of...

Performance pay for teachers generates debate. Proponents argue that many school systems have low levels of accountability and advocate incentivizing teachers by linking their pay to either their own efforts or their students’ learning. Critics, however, raise concerns that performance pay...

To ensure that children arrive in primary school ready to learn, policymakers around the world are increasingly focusing on what happens in preprimary education programs and whether childrenare developing the skills needed for primary school. But properly structuring preprimary programs and...

Improving the classroom effectiveness of teachers is a key part of improving student learning. How to get this right is a core challenge for education systems. Teacher quality varies widely and teachers may not know the best teaching practices and how to keep students on task and engaged with...

The effective management of Indonesia's teaching force is of crucial importance to the development of the country's educational system. The study aimed to investigate the policies and practices governing teacher employment and deployment in primary and junior secondary schools. The major issues...

Yemen faces significant challenges in expanding access and promoting quality for improved educational outcomes. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide recommendations for tracking public expenditure and improving service delivery in the basic education sector in...